Selective breeding also called artificial selection is the process by which humans use animal breeding and plant breeding to selectively develop particular phenotypic traits characteristics by choosing which typically animal or plant males and females will sexually reproduce and have offspring together. Domesticated animals are known as breedsnormally bred by a professional breederwhile domesticated plants are known as varietiescultigensor cultivars.

Two purebred animals of different breeds produce a crossbreedand crossbred plants are called hybrids. Flowers, vegetables and fruit-trees may be bred by amateurs and commercial or non-commercial professionals: There are two approaches or types of artificial selection, or selective breeding.

First is the traditional "breeder's approach" in which the breeder or experimenter applies "a known amount of selection to a single phenotypic trait" by examining the chosen trait and choosing to breed only those that exhibit higher or "extreme values" of that trait.

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The second is called "controlled natural selection", which is essentially natural selection in a controlled environment. In this, the breeder does not choose which individuals being tested "survive or reproduce", as he or she could in the traditional approach. There are also "selection experiments", which is a third approach and these are conducted in order to determine the "strength of natural selection in the wild". However, this is more often an observational approach as opposed to an experimental approach.

In animal breedingtechniques such as inbreedinglinebreedingand outcrossing are utilized. In plant breedingsimilar methods are used.

Charles Darwin discussed how selective breeding had been successful in producing change over time in his book, On the Origin of Species. Its first chapter discusses selective breeding and domestication of such animals as pigeonscatscattleand dogs. Darwin used artificial selection as a springboard to introduce and support the theory of natural selection. The deliberate exploitation of selective breeding to produce desired results has become very common in agriculture and experimental biology.

Selective breeding can be unintentional, e. For example, in some grains, an increase in seed size may have resulted from certain ploughing practices rather than from the intentional selection of larger seeds. Most likely, there has been an interdependence between natural and artificial factors that have resulted in plant domestication. Selective breeding of both plants and animals has been practiced since early prehistory ; key species such as wheatriceand dogs have been significantly different from their wild ancestors for millennia, and maizewhich required especially large changes from teosinteits wild form, was selectively bred in Mesoamerica.

Selective breeding was practiced by the Romans. He noted the idea in his book titled Indiawhich included various examples. The agriculturist selects his corn, letting grow as much as he requires, and tearing out the remainder.

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The forester leaves those branches which he perceives to be excellent, whilst he cuts away all others. The bees kill those of their kind who only eat, but do not work in their beehive. Selective breeding was established as a scientific practice by Robert Bakewell during the British Agricultural Revolution in the 18th century. Arguably, his most important breeding program was with sheep.

Using native stock, he was able to quickly select for large, yet fine-boned sheep, with long, lustrous wool. The Lincoln Longwool was improved by Bakewell, and in turn the Lincoln was used to develop the subsequent breed, named the New or Dishley Leicester.

It was hornless and had a square, meaty body with straight top lines. These sheep were exported widely, including to Australia and North Americaand have contributed to numerous modern breeds, despite the fact that they fell quickly out of favor as market preferences in meat and textiles changed. Bloodlines of these original New Leicesters survive today as the English Leicester or Leicester Longwoolwhich is primarily kept for wool production. Bakewell was also the first to breed cattle to be used primarily for beef.

Previously, cattle were first and foremost kept for pulling ploughs as oxen [ citation needed ]but he crossed long-horned heifers and a Westmoreland bull to eventually create the Dishley Longhorn. As more and more farmers followed his lead, farm animals increased dramatically in size and quality. However, after his death, the Dishley Longhorn was replaced with short-horn versions.

He also bred the Improved Black Cart horse, which later became the Shire horse. Charles Darwin coined the term 'selective breeding'; he was interested in the process as an illustration of his proposed wider process of natural selection. Darwin noted that many domesticated animals and plants had special properties that were developed by intentional animal and plant breeding from individuals that showed desirable characteristics, and discouraging the breeding of individuals with less desirable characteristics.

Darwin used the term "artificial selection" twice in the first edition of his work On the Origin of Speciesin Chapter IV: Natural Selection, and in Chapter VI: Slow though the process of selection may be, if feeble man can do much by his powers of artificial selection, I can see no limit to the amount of change, to the beauty and infinite complexity of the co-adaptations between all organic beings, one with another and with their physical conditions of life, which may be effected in the long course of time by nature's power of selection.

We are profoundly ignorant of the causes producing slight and unimportant variations; and we are immediately made conscious of this by reflecting on the differences in the breeds of our domesticated animals forex definition of terms different countries,—more especially in the less civilized countries where there has been but little artificial selection.

Animals with homogeneous appearance, behavior, and other characteristics are known as particular breeds, and they are bred through culling animals with particular traits and selecting for further breeding those with other traits. Purebred animals have a single, recognizable breed, and purebreds with recorded lineage are called pedigreed. Crossbreeds are a mix of two purebreds, whereas mixed breeds are a mix of several breeds, often unknown.

Animal breeding begins with breeding stock, a group of animals used for the purpose of planned breeding. When individuals are looking to breed animals, they look for certain valuable traits in purebred stock for a certain purpose, or may intend to use some type of crossbreeding to produce a new type of stock with different, and, it is 5 binary options 888, superior abilities in a given area of endeavor.

For example, to breed chickens, a breeder typically intends to receive eggs, meat, and new, young birds for further reproduction. Thus, the breeder has to study different breeds and types of chickens and analyze what can be expected from a certain set of characteristics before he or she starts breeding them. Therefore, when purchasing initial breeding stock, the breeder seeks a group of birds that will most closely fit the purpose intended.

Purebred breeding aims to establish and maintain stable traits, that animals will pass to the next generation. By "breeding the best to the best," employing a certain degree of inbreedingconsiderable culling, and selection for "superior" qualities, one charakterystyka rynku walutowego forex develop a bloodline superior in certain respects to the original base stock.

However, single-trait breeding, breeding for only one trait over all others, can be problematic. The observable phenomenon of hybrid vigor stands in contrast to the notion of breed purity. However, on the other hand, indiscriminate breeding of crossbred or hybrid animals may also result in degradation of quality.

Studies in evolutionary work from home flyers herbalifebehavioral geneticsand other areas of organismal biology have also made use of deliberate selective breeding, though longer generation times and greater difficulty in breeding can make such projects challenging in what animals make money breeding. Plant breeding has been used for thousands of years, and began with the domestication of wild plants into uniform and predictable agricultural cultigens.

High-yielding varieties have been particularly important in agriculture. Selective plant breeding is also used in research to produce transgenic animals that breed "true" i. Selective breeding in trim spa stock market holds high potential for the genetic improvement of fish and shellfish.

Unlike terrestrial livestock, the potential benefits of selective breeding in aquaculture were not hinstock primary school market drayton until recently.

This is because forex scalping not allowed mortality led to the selection of only a few broodstock, causing inbreeding depression, which then forced the use of wild broodstock.

This was evident in selective breeding programs for growth rate, which resulted in slow growth and high mortality. Control of the reproduction cycle was one of the main reasons as it is a requisite for selective breeding programmes.

Artificial reproduction was not achieved because of the difficulties in hatching or feeding some farmed species such as eel and yellowtail farming. The education of fish biologists paid less attention to quantitative genetics and breeding plans. Another was the failure of documentation of the genetic gains in successive generations. This in turn led to failure in quantifying economic benefits that successful selective breeding programs produce.

Documentation of the genetic changes was considered important as they help in fine tuning further selection schemes. Aquaculture species are reared for particular traits such as growth rate, survival rate, meat quality, resistance to diseases, age at sexual maturation, fecundity, shell traits like shell size, shell colour, etc.

A comparative study on the performance of select Atlantic salmon with wild fish was conducted by AKVAFORSK Genetics Centre in Norway. The traits, for which the selection was done included growth rate, feed consumption, protein retention, energy retention, and feed conversion efficiency.

Selection was done to check resistance to Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus IPNV. The results showed In Japan, high resistance to IPNV in rainbow trout has been achieved by selectively breeding the stock. Resistant strains were found to have an average mortality of 4.

After binary options buddy v2 breeding tulsa animal shelter dogs for adoption fish for four generations, spawning dates were 13—15 days earlier. Selective breeding programs for the Common carp Cyprinus carpio include improvement in growth, shape and resistance to disease.

An increase in growth rate was observed in the second generation in Vietnam. Schaperclaus showed resistance to the dropsy disease wherein selected lines suffered low mortality Selection for live weight of Pacific oysters showed improvements ranging from 0. This protistan parasite is endemic to three oyster-regions in Europe. Selective breeding programs show that O. A study carried out by Culloty et al.

A selective breeding program at Cork harbour uses broodstock from 3— to 4-year-old survivors and is further controlled until a viable percentage reaches market size.

Ragone Calvo et al. They achieved dual resistance to the disease in four generations of selective breeding. The oysters showed higher growth and survival rates and low susceptibility to the infections.

At the end of the experiment, artificially selected C. Selection for growth in Penaeid shrimps yielded successful results. They reported significant responses to selection compared to the unselected a history of the global stock market from ancient rome to silicon valley shrimps.

They achieved satisfying results in two or three generations wherein survival rates approached levels before the outbreak of the disease. Auto binary option review itm outcomes led to development of Super Shrimp, a selected line of L.

Selective breeding programs for aquatic species provide better outcomes compared to terrestrial livestock. This higher response to selection of aquatic farmed species can be attributed to the following:. Selective breeding in aquaculture provide remarkable economic benefits to the industry, the primary one being that it reduces production costs due to faster turnover rates.

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This is because of faster growth rates, decreased maintenance rates, increased energy and protein retention, and better feed efficiency. Selective breeding is a direct way to determine if a specific trait can evolve in response to selection. A single-generation method of breeding is not as accurate or direct. The process is also more practical and easier to understand than sibling analysis. Selective breeding is better for traits such as physiology and behavior that are hard to measure because it requires fewer individuals to test than single-generation testing.

However, there are disadvantages to this process. Because a single experiment done in selective breeding cannot be used to assess an entire group of genetic variances, individual experiments must be done for every individual trait.

Also, because of the necessity of selective breeding experiments to require maintaining the organisms tested in a lab or greenhouseit is impractical to use this breeding method on many organisms. Controlled mating instances are difficult to carry out in this case and this is a necessary component of selective breeding.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For other uses, see Unnatural Selection disambiguation. Diagrammatic representation of the divergence of modern taxonomic groups from their common ancestor. Introduction to evolution Common descent Evidence of common descent. Population genetics Variation Diversity Mutation Natural selection Adaptation Polymorphism Genetic drift Gene flow Speciation Adaptive radiation Co-operation Coevolution Divergence Convergence Parallel evolution Extinction.

Origin of life History of life Timeline of evolution Human evolution Phylogeny Biodiversity Biogeography Classification Evolutionary taxonomy Cladistics Transitional fossil Extinction event. History of evolutionary theory. Overview Renaissance Before Darwin Darwin Origin of Species Before synthesis Modern synthesis Molecular evolution Evo-devo Current research History of paleontology timeline.

Applications of evolution Biosocial criminology Ecological genetics Evolutionary aesthetics Evolutionary anthropology Evolutionary computation Evolutionary ecology Evolutionary economics Evolutionary epistemology Evolutionary ethics Evolutionary game theory Evolutionary linguistics Evolutionary medicine Evolutionary neuroscience Evolutionary physiology Evolutionary psychology Experimental evolution Phylogenetics Paleontology Selective breeding Systematics Universal Darwinism.

Evolution as fact and theory Social effects Creation—evolution controversy Objections to evolution Level of support. Animal breeding Animal husbandry Breed registry Breeding back Culling Eugenics Experimental evolution Gene pool Genetic engineering Genomics of domestication Inbreeding Marker-assisted selection Mutation breeding Natural selection Plant breeding Quantitative genetics Selection methods in plant breeding based on mode of reproduction Smart breeding.

A Powerful Tool for Ecologists". Arid Agriculture; A Hand-Book for the Western Farmer and Stockman. Retrieved 20 July New York, New York: Bels VL, Gasc JP, Casinos A. Concepts, Methods, and Applications of Selection Experiments.

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University of California Press, Berkeley, California. Plant breeding - Mendelian to molecular approaches.

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Selective breeding in Aquaculture: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. Selection response for early spawning date" PDF. Principal results and prospects". HeenemannVerlagsgesellschaft mbH, Berlin, pp. The Global Plan of Action for Animal Genetic Resources and the Interlaken Declaration. The Second Report on the State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Lists of breeds Lists of cultivars.

Backcrossing Crossbreed Inbreeding Marker-assisted selection Mutation breeding Outcrossing Preservation breeding Selective breeding Smart breeding Hybrid Purebred. Cat Cattle Chicken Dog breeding Donkey Duck Goat Goose Guinea pig Horse breeding Pig Pigeon breeding Rabbit Sheep Turkey Water buffalo Backyard breeder Breed standard Breed type Breeding back Breeding pair Breeding program Captive breeding Designer crossbreed. Culling Marker-assisted selection Natural selection balancing directional disruptive negative selective sweep stabilizing Selection methods in plant breeding Genotype Phenotype Dominance Codominance Epistasis Dwarfing Heterosis Outbreeding depression Inbreeding depression Recessive trait Sex linkage F1 hybrid.

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Processes and outcomes Population genetics Variation Diversity Mutation Natural selection Adaptation Polymorphism Genetic drift Gene flow Speciation Adaptive radiation Co-operation Coevolution Divergence Convergence Parallel evolution Extinction. Natural history Origin of life History of life Timeline of evolution Human evolution Phylogeny Biodiversity Biogeography Classification Evolutionary taxonomy Cladistics Transitional fossil Extinction event.

History of evolutionary theory Overview Renaissance Before Darwin Darwin Origin of Species Before synthesis Modern synthesis Molecular evolution Evo-devo Current research History of paleontology timeline.

Fields and applications Applications of evolution Biosocial criminology Ecological genetics Evolutionary aesthetics Evolutionary anthropology Evolutionary computation Evolutionary ecology Evolutionary economics Evolutionary epistemology Evolutionary ethics Evolutionary game theory Evolutionary linguistics Evolutionary medicine Evolutionary neuroscience Evolutionary physiology Evolutionary psychology Experimental evolution Phylogenetics Paleontology Selective breeding Systematics Universal Darwinism.

Social implications Evolution as fact and theory Social effects Creation—evolution controversy Objections to evolution Level of support.