It has an area of square kilometres 41 square miles and a population of 2, in within its administrative limits. The City of Paris is but the core of a built-up area that extends well beyond its administrative limits. Although joined in a single urban tissue, Paris' lack of administrative and economic cohesion with its suburbs has been a longstanding problem, but a 'Metropole of Grand Paris ' economic and environmental initiative [8] covering an square kilometres square miles area and a population of 7 million, exists since The city is also a major rail, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports: Paris-Charles de Gaulle the second busiest airport in Europe after London Heathrow Airport with Notably, Paris Gare du Nord is the busiest railway station in the world outside of Japanwith millions passengers in Paris has many important cultural institutions: InParis received The 80,seat Stade de Francebuilt for the FIFA World Cupis located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis.

Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros. Paris hosted the and Summer Olympics and is bidding to host the Summer Olympics. The and FIFA World Cupsthe Rugby World Cupand the, and UEFA European Championships were also held in the city, and every July, the Tour de France bicycle race finishes in the city. The name "Paris" is derived from its early inhabitants, the Celtic Parisii tribe [12] but the city's name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology.

In the s, the boulevards and streets of Paris were illuminated by 56, gas lamps. The Parisiia sub-tribe of the Celtic Senonesinhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC. The Romans conquered the Paris Basin in 52 BC and, [21] after making the island a garrison camp, began extending their settlement in a more permanent way to Paris's Left Bank. The Gallo-Roman town was originally called Lutetia more fully, Lutetia Parisiorum"Lutetia of the Parisii".

It became a prosperous city with a forum, baths, temples, theatres, and an amphitheatre. By the end of the Western Roman Empire, the town was known as Parisiusa Latin name that would later become Paris in French.

Clovis the Frankthe first king of the Merovingian dynastymade the city his capital from A gradual immigration by the Franks also occurred in Paris in the beginning of the Frankish domination of Gaul which created the Parisian Francien dialects.

In Hugh CapetCount of Paris comte de ParisDuke of the Franks duc des Francs was elected King of the Franks roi des Francs. Under the rule of the Capetian kings, Paris gradually became the largest and most prosperous city in France. By the end of the 12th century, Paris had become the political, economic, religious, and cultural capital of France.

Induring the reign of Louis VIIMaurice de Sullybishop of Paris, undertook the construction of the Notre Dame Cathedral at its eastern extremity. Paris' cultural centre had begun to move to the right bank, after the draining of its former swampland made the land habitable and fit for crops.

In the late 12th century, Philip Augustus extended the Louvre fortress to defend the city against river invasions from the west, gave the city its first walls between andrebuilt its bridges to either side of its central island, and paved its main thoroughfares.

During the Hundred Years' WarParis was occupied by England-friendly Burgundian forces frombefore being occupied outright by the English when Henry V of England entered the French capital in ; [29] in spite of a effort by Joan of Arc to liberate the city, [30] it would remain under English occupation until In the late 16th-century French Wars of ReligionParis was a Catholic League stronghold, the organisers of the 24 August St.

Bartholomew's Day massacre that killed thousands of French Protestants. This king made several improvements to the capital during his reign: The king would end his life in the capital, assassinated in a narrow street by Les Halles marketplace in During the 17th century, Cardinal Richelieuchief minister of Louis XIIIwas determined to make Paris the most beautiful city in Europe. He built five new bridges, a new chapel for the College of Sorbonneand a palace for himself, the Palais Cardinalwhich he bequeathed to Louis XIII.

After Richelieu's death init was the renamed as the Palais-Royal. Due to the Parisian uprisings during the Fronde civil war, Louis XIV moved his court to a new palace, Versaillesin To demonstrate that the city was safe from attack, the king had the city walls demolished and replaced with tree-lined boulevards that would become the Grands Boulevards of today. Paris grew in population from aboutin toin Paris was the centre of an explosion of philosophic and scientific activity known as the Age of Enlightenment.

Paris was the financial capital of continental Europe, the primary European centre of book publishing, fashion and the manufacture of fine furniture and luxury goods. In the summer ofParis became the centre stage of the French Revolution. On 14 July, a mob seized the arsenal at the Invalidesacquiring thousands of guns, and stormed the Bastillea symbol of royal authority. Louis XVI and the royal family were brought to Paris and made prisoners within the Tuileries Palace. Inas the revolution turned more and more radical, the king, queen, and the mayor were guillotined, along with more than 16, others throughout Franceduring the Reign of Terror.

The population of Paris had dropped byduring the Revolution, but between andit surged withnew residents, reachingDuring the Restorationthe bridges and squares of Paris were returned to their pre-Revolution names, but the July Revolution of in Paris, commemorated by the July Column on Place de la Bastillebrought a constitutional monarch, Louis Philippe Ito power.

The first railway line to Paris opened inbeginning a new period of massive migration from the provinces to the city. Louis-Philippe was overthrown by a popular uprising in the streets of Paris in During the Franco-Prussian War —Paris was besieged by the Prussian army. After months of blockade, hunger, and then bombardment by the Prussians, the city was forced to surrender on 28 January On 28 March, a revolutionary government called the Paris Commune seized power in Paris.

The Commune held power for two months, until it was harshly suppressed by the French army during the "Bloody Week" at the end of May Late in the 19th century, Paris hosted two major international expositions: Bythe population of Paris had grown to 2, It was the birthplace of FauvismCubism and abstract art[51] [52] and authors such as Marcel Proust were exploring new approaches to literature.

During the First World WarParis sometimes found itself on the front line; to 1, Paris taxis played a small but highly important symbolic role in transporting 6, soldiers to the front line at the First Battle of the Marne. The city was also bombed by Zeppelins and shelled by German long-range guns. On 14 Junethe German army marched into Paris, which had been declared an " open city ".

None of the children came back. In the s and the s, Paris became one front of the Algerian War for independence; in Augustthe pro-independence FLN targeted and killed 11 Paris policemen, leading to the imposition of a curfew on Muslims of Algeria who, at that time, were French citizens. On 17 Octoberan unauthorised but peaceful protest demonstration of Algerians against the curfew led to violent confrontations between the police and demonstrators, in which at least 40 people were killed, including some thrown into the Seine.

In Mayprotesting students occupied the Sorbonne and put up barricades in the Latin Quarter. Thousands of Parisian blue-collar workers joined the students, and the movement grew into a two-week general strike.

Supporters of the government won the June elections by a large majority. The May events in France resulted in the break-up of the University of Paris into 13 independent campuses. Inthe National Assembly changed the status of Paris to that of other French cities and, on 25 MarchJacques Chirac became the first elected mayor of Paris since It was highly controversial, and it remains the only building in the centre of the city over 32 storeys high.

The population of Paris dropped from 2, in to 2, inas middle-class families moved to the suburbs. In the early 21st century, the population of Paris began to increase slowly again, as more young people moved into the city. InPresident Nicolas Sarkozy launched the Grand Paris project, to integrate Paris more closely with the towns in the region around it.

After many modifications, the new area, named the Metropolis of Grand Pariswith a population of 6. On 5 AprilAnne Hidalgoa socialist, was elected the first female mayor of Paris. On 7 Januarytwo French Muslim extremists attacked the Paris headquarters of Charlie Hebdo and killed thirteen people, in an attack claimed by Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula[75] and on 9 January, a third terrorist, who claimed he was part of ISIS also called ISIL or 'Daesh'killed four hostages during an attack at a Jewish grocery store at Porte de Vincennes.

On 3 Februaryan attacker tried to stab soldiers guarding the Louvre after he was refused admission with the two bags he was carrying, reportedly saying 'Allahu Akbar', and was shot.

Later searches found no explosives in the bags see Louvre machete attack. Paris is located in northern central France.

The city is spread widely on both banks of the river. The overall climate throughout the year is mild and moderately wet. Spring and autumn have, on average, mild days and fresh nights but are changing and unstable. Surprisingly warm or cool weather occurs frequently in both seasons. Snow falls every year, but rarely stays on the ground. The city sometimes sees light snow or flurries with or without accumulation. However the city is known for intermittent abrupt heavy showers. The highest recorded temperature is For almost all of its long history, except for a few brief periods, Paris was governed directly by representatives of the king, emperor, or president of France.

The city was not granted municipal autonomy by the National Assembly until The current mayor is Anne Hidalgoa socialist, elected 5 April The mayor of Paris is elected indirectly by Paris voters; the voters of each arrondissement elect the Conseil de Paris Council of Pariscomposed of members. Each arrondissement has a number of members depending upon its population, from 10 members for each of the least-populated arrondissements 1st through 9th to 36 members for the most populated the 15th.

The elected council members select the mayor. Sometimes the candidate who receives the most votes citywide is not selected if the other candidate has won the support of the majority of council members.

Once elected, the council plays a largely passive role in the city government; it meets only once a month. The current council is divided between a coalition of the left of 91 members, including the socialists, communists, greens, and extreme left; and 71 members for the centre right, plus a few members from smaller parties. Each of Paris's 20 arrondissements has its own town hall and a directly elected council conseil d'arrondissementwhich, in turn, elects an arrondissement mayor.

The number of deputy mayors in each arrondissement varies depending upon its population. There are a total of 20 arrondissement mayors and deputy mayors. The largest part of the budget 38 percent went for public housing and urbanism projects; 15 percent for roads and transport; 8 percent for schools which are mostly financed by the state budget ; 5 percent for parks and gardens; and 4 percent for culture.

The main source of income for the city is direct taxes 35 percentsupplemented by a percent real estate tax; 19 percent of the budget comes in a transfer from the national government. The number of city employees, or agents, grew from 40, in to 73, in It includes the City of Paris, plus the communes or towns of the three departments of the inner suburbs Hauts-de-SeineSeine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marneplus seven communes in the outer suburbs, including Argenteuil in Val d'Oise and Paray-Vieille-Poste in Essonnewhich were added to include the major airports of Paris.

The Metropole covers square kilometres square miles and has a population of 6. The new structure is administered by a Metropolitan Council of members, not directly elected, but chosen by the councils of the member Communes. By its basic competencies will include urban planning, housing and protection of the environment. Though the Metropole has a population of nearly seven million persons and accounts for 25 percent of the GDP of France, it has a very small budget; just 65 million Euros, compared with eight billion Euros for the City of Paris.

It is composed of members representing the different communes within the region. The Socialists had governed the region for seventeen years.

The regional council has members from the Union of the Right, 66 from the Union of the Left and 22 from the extreme right National Front. As the capital of France, Paris is the seat of France's national government. For the executive, the two chief officers each have their own official residences, which also serve as their offices. The two houses of the French Parliament are located on the Left Bank. The President of the Senatethe second-highest public official in France the President of the Republic being the sole superiorresides in the "Petit Luxembourg", a smaller palace annexe to the Palais du Luxembourg.

France's highest courts are located in Paris. Paris and its region host the headquarters of several international organisations including UNESCOthe Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Developmentthe International Chamber of Commercethe Paris Clubthe European Space Agencythe International Energy Agencythe Organisation internationale de la Francophoniethe European Union Institute for Security Studiesthe International Bureau of Weights and Measuresthe International Exhibition Bureauand the International Federation for Human Rights.

Following the motto "Only Paris is worthy of Rome; only Rome is worthy of Paris"; [] [] the only sister city of Paris is Romealthough Paris has partnership agreements with many other cities around the world. The security of Paris is mainly the responsibility of the Prefecture of Police of Parisa subdivision of the Ministry of the Interior of France. It supervises the units of the National Police who patrol the city and the three neighbouring departments. It is also responsible for providing emergency services, including the Paris Fire Brigade.

There are 30, officers under the prefecture, and a fleet of more than 6, vehicles, including police cars, motorcycles, fire trucks, boats and helicopters.

In addition to traditional police duties, the local police monitors the number of discount sales held by large stores no more than two a year are allowed and verify that, during summer holidays, at least one bakery is open in every neighbourhood. Vans of CRS agents are frequently seen in the centre of the city when there are demonstrations and public events.

The police are supported by the National Gendarmeriea branch of the French Armed Forcesthough their police operations now are supervised by the Ministry of the Interior. The traditional kepis of the gendarmes were replaced in with caps, and the force modernised, though they still wear kepis for ceremonial occasions.

Crime in Paris is similar to that in most large cities. Violent crime is relatively rare in the city centre. These demonstrations, usually managed by a strong police presence, can turn confrontational and escalate into violence. Most French rulers since the Middle Ages made a point of leaving their mark on a city that, contrary to many other of the world's capitals, has never been destroyed by catastrophe or war.

In modernising its infrastructure through the centuries, Paris has preserved even its earliest history in its street map. Modern Paris owes much to its late 19th century Second Empire remodelling by the Baron Haussmann: Paris also owes its style to its aligned street-fronts, distinctive cream-grey " Paris stone " building ornamentation, aligned top-floor balconies, and tree-lined boulevards.

The high residential population of its city centre makes it much different from most other western global cities. Paris's urbanism laws have been under strict control since the early 17th century, [] particularly where street-front alignment, building height and building distribution is concerned.

They were scheduled for completion in orbut as of January construction had not yet begun, and there were questions in the press about the future of the project. Striking examples of 20th-century architecture include the Centre Georges Pompidou by Richard Rogers and Renzo Pianoand the Louvre Pyramid by I. Paris is the fifth most expensive city in the world for luxury housing: The total number of residences in the city of Paris in was 1,, up from a former high of 1, in Among these, 1, Paris urban tissue began to fill and overflow its limits from around the s, and because of its density, it has seen few modern constructions since then.

Sixty-two percent of its buildings date from and before, 20 percent were built between andand only 18 percent of the buildings remaining were built after that date. Two-thirds of the city's 1. Social housing represents a little more than 17 percent of the city's total residences, but these are rather unevenly distributed throughout the capital: In the Paris agglomeration urban area counted 28, people without a fixed residence, an increase of 84 percent since ; it represents 43 percent of the homeless in all of France.

Forty-one percent were women, and 29 percent were accompanied by children. Fifty-six percent of the homeless were born outside France, the largest number coming from Africa and Eastern Europe. Aside from the 20th-century addition of the Bois de BoulogneBois de Vincennes and Paris heliport, Paris's administrative limits have remained unchanged since Paris became a department in itself, and the administration of its suburbs was divided between the three departments surrounding it.

Paris's disconnect with its suburbs, its lack of suburban transportation, in particular, became all too apparent with the Paris agglomeration's growth.

These areas, quartiers sensibles "sensitive quarters"are in northern and eastern Paris, namely around its Goutte d'Or and Belleville neighbourhoods. To the north of the city, they are grouped mainly in the Seine-Saint-Denis departmentand to a lesser extreme to the east in the Val-d'Oise department. The Paris agglomeration's urban sociology is basically that of 19th century Paris: The population of Paris in its administrative city limits was 2, in January Eurostatthe statistical agency of the EU, places Paris 6.

It is slightly smaller than the Paris Region. According to INSEE, the Paris Urban Area had a population of 10, at the January census, [5] the most populous in the European Unionand third most populous in Europe, behind Istanbul and Moscow.

The population of Paris today is lower than its historical peak of 2. The principal reasons were a significant decline in household size, and a dramatic migration of residents to the suburbs between and Factors in the migration included de-industrialisation, high rent, the gentrification of many inner quarters, the transformation of living space into offices, and greater affluence among working families.

The city's population loss came to an end in the 21st century; the population estimate of July showed a population increase for the first time sinceand the population reached 2, by According to Eurostatthe EU statistical agency, in the Commune of Paris was the most densely populated city in the European Union, with do petting zoos make money, people per square kilometre within the city limits the NUTS-3 statistical areaahead of Inner London West, which had 10, people per square kilometre.

According to the same census, three departments bordering Paris, Hauts-de-SeineSeine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marnehad population densities of over ten thousand people per square kilometre, ranking among the ten most densely populated areas of the EU.

According to the French census,residents of the City of Paris, or A furtherin the City of Paris and inin the Paris Region were born in foreign countries with French citizenship at birth. The remaining group, people born in foreign countries with no French citizenship at birth, are those defined as immigrants under French law.

According to the census,residents of the city of Paris were immigrants from Europe, were immigrants from the Maghreb70, from sub-Saharan Africa and Egypt5, impots sur stock options Turkey91, from Asia outside Turkey38, from the Americasand 1, from the South Pacific. In the Paris Region,residents were immigrants from Europe, were immigrants from the Maghreb, from sub-Saharan Africa and Egypt69, from Turkey, from Asia outside Turkey, from the Americasand 2, from the South Pacific.

In the same survey, 7 percent of residents identified themselves as Muslims, 4 percent as Protestants, two percent as Jewish, and 25 percent as without religion. According to INSEE, the French government statistical office, between 4 and 5 million French residents were born or had at icici direct share market one parent born in a predominately Muslim country, particularly AlgeriaMoroccoand Tunisia.

An IFOP survey in reported that, of immigrants from these predominantly Muslim countries, 25 percent went to the mosque regularly; 41 percent practised the religion, and 34 percent were believers but did not practice the religion. InDalil Boubakeurthe Rector of the Grand Mosque of Paris and former President of the French Council of the Muslim Faith, estimated that makemoney 2.0 senha de ativaçao wereMuslims in the city of Paris, anz stock brokers. The Jewish population of the Paris Region was estimated in to be , the largest concentration of Jews in the world outside of Israel and the United States.

The economy of the City of Paris is today is based largely on services and commerce; of theenterprises in the city, At the census, The Paris Region had 5. The aftermarket stock tikka t3 of these, in terms of number of employees, is known in French as the QCA, or quartier central des affaires ; it is in the western part of the Lloyd banks make money instrumental of Paris, in the 2nd, 8th, 9th, 16th, and 18th arrondissements.

The largest sectors of activity in the central business district were finance and insurance 16 percent of employees in the district and business services 15 percent. The district also includes a large concentration of department stores, shopping areas, hotels and restaurants, as well a government offices and ministries.

Init was the workplace ofemployees, of learn trade forex successfully 38 percent worked in finance and insurance, 16 percent in business support services. Another district, including Boulogne-BillancourtIssy-les-Moulineaux and the southern part of the 15th arrondissement, is a centre of activity for the media and information technology.

The Paris Region economy has gradually shifted from industry to high-value-added service industries financeIT services, etc. In a worldwide cost of living survey by the Economist Intelligence UnitParis ranked as the world's second most expensive city. The ranking compares more than individual prices across products and services, and is designed to calculate cost-of-living allowances and build compensation packages for expatriates and business travellers.

According to INSEE figures, 68 percent of employees in the City of Paris work in commerce, transportation, and services; The majority of Paris's salaried employees fillbusinesses services jobs, concentrated in the north-western 8th, 16th and 17th arrondissements. The majority of Paris's healthcare and social workers work at the hospitals and social housing concentrated in the peripheral warren buffett stock market outlook, 14th, 18th, 19th and 20th arrondissements.

Paris's manufacturing is mostly focused in its suburbs, and the city itself has only around 75, manufacturing workers, most of which are in the textile, clothing, leather goods, and shoe trades. Paris proper manufacturing jobs dropped by 64 percent between andand the Paris region lost 48 percent during the same period.

Most of this is due to companies relocating outside the Paris region. The Paris region's silver etfs in india stock market companies employedThe southern Essonne department specialises in science and technology, [] and the south-eastern Val-de-Marnewith its wholesale Rungis food marketspecialises in food processing and beverages.

It ranged from 7. While Paris has some of the richest neighbourhoods in France, it also has some of the poorest, mostly on the eastern side of the city. Twenty-five percent of residents in the 19th arrondissement lived below the poverty line; 24 percent in the 18th, 22 percent in the 20th and 18 percent in the 10th. In the city's wealthiest neighbourhood, the 7th arrondissement, 7 percent lived below the poverty line; 8 percent in the 6th arrondissement; and 9 percent in the 16th arrondissement.

Tourism in Paris continued to suffer inafter two terrorist attacks in Paris in and an attack in Nice in The number of foreign visitors in Grand Paris Paris plus the three surrounding departments dropped by ten how to make robux fast on roblox in The largest drops were in tourists from Japan Attendance at the Louvre dropped by 15 percent in Similar drops were reported at the Musee d'Orsay visitors down by 13 percent from and the Palace of Versailles down by 15 percent.

Grand Paris received The largest numbers of foreign tourists inmeasured by airport arrivals, came from the United States 1. Arrivals from Russia numbered , while arrivals from the rest of Europe numbered 1 million. Arrivals from the Near and Middle East numberedArrivals from the Americas outside the US numbered ,arrived from Africa, and 1, arrived from Asia and Oceania excluding China and Japan.

Inmeasured by the MasterCard Global Cities Destination Index, Paris was the third busiest airline destination in the world, with The city's top tourist attraction was the Notre Dame Cathedral, which welcomed The Louvre museum had 7. The centre of Paris contains the most visited monuments in the city, including the Notre Dame Cathedral and the Louvre as well as the Sainte-Chapelle ; Les Invalideswhere the tomb of Napoleon is located, and the Eiffel Tower are located on the Left Bank south-west of the centre.

Several other much-visited landmarks are located in the suburbs of the city; the Basilica of St Denisin Seine-Saint-Denisis the birthplace of the Gothic style of architecture and the royal necropolis of French kings and queens. Paris has long been make money quick runescape ways for its grand hotels.

The Hotel Meuriceopened forex autotrading signals British travellers inwas one of the first luxury hotels in Paris. For centuries, Paris has attracted artists from standard bank stockbrokers jersey the world, who arrive in the city to educate themselves and to seek inspiration from its vast pool of artistic resources and galleries.

As a result, Paris has ludacris money maker dirty mp3 a reputation as the "City of Art". Painting and sculpture became the pride of the French monarchy and the French royal family commissioned many Parisian artists to adorn their palaces during the French Baroque and Classicism era. Sculptors such as GirardonCoysevox and Coustou acquired reputations as the finest artists in the royal court in 17th-century France.

Pierre Mignard became the first painter to King Louis XIV during this period. This served as France's top art school until Paris was in its artistic prime in the 19th century and early 20th century, when it had a colony of artists established in the il miglior forex broker and in art schools associated with some of the finest painters of the times: ManetMonetBerthe Morisot stock exchange brokers in south africa, GauguinRenoir and others.

The French Revolution and political and social change in France had a profound influence on art in the capital. Paris was central to the development of Romanticism in art, with painters such as Gericault. Picasso, living in Montmartre, painted his famous La Famille de Saltimbanques and Les Demoiselles d'Avignon between and The Golden Age of the School of Paris ended between the two world wars. Photography came to occupy a central role in Parisian Surrealist activity, in the works of Man Ray and Maurice Tabard.

The Louvre was the world's second-most visited art museum inwith 7. It displays French art of the 19th century, including major collections of the Impressionists and Post-Impressionists. The original building — a railway station — was constructed for the Universal Exhibition of Starkly apparent with its service-pipe exterior, the Centre Georges Pompidou, the third-most visited art museum in Paris, attracted 3.

The National Museum of Natural Historyon the Left Bank, attracted 1. Theatre traditionally has occupied a large place in Parisian culture, and many of its most popular actors today are also stars of French television. Run by the French government, it performs mostly French classics at the Salle Richelieu in the Palais-Royal at 2 rue de Richelieu, next to the Louvre.

The music hall and cabaret are famous Paris institutions. The Moulin Rouge was opened in It was highly visible because of its large red imitation windmill on its roof, and became the birthplace of the dance known as the French Cancan.

Its stars in the s included the American singer and dancer Josephine Baker. The Casino de Paris presented many famous French singers, including MistinguettMaurice Chevalierand Tino Rossi.

The Olympia Paris has presented Edith PiafMarlene DietrichMiles DavisJudy Garlandand the Grateful Dead. A half dozen music halls exist today in Paris, attended mostly visitors to the city. The first book printed in France, Epistolae "Letters"stochastic oscillator stock market Gasparinus de Bergamo Gasparino da Barzizzawas published in Paris in by the press established by Johann Heynlin.

Since then, Paris has been the centre of the French publishing industry, the home of some of the world's best-known writers and poets, and the setting for many classic works of French literature. Almost all the books published in Paris in the Middle Ages were in Latin, rather than French. Victor Hugo's The Hunchback of Notre Dame inspired the renovation of its setting, the Notre-Dame de Paris. The winner of the Nobel Prize in LiteratureWa scalping indicator mt4 Modiano —who lives in Paris—, based most of his literary work on the depiction of the city during World War II and the s—s.

Paris is a city of books and bookstores. In the s, 80 percent of French-language publishing houses were found in Paris, almost all on the Left Bank in the 5th, 6th and 7th arrondissements.

Since that time, because of high prices, some publishers have moved out to the less expensive areas. Small Paris bookstores are protected against competition from discount booksellers by French law; books, even e-books, cannot be discounted more than five percent below their publisher's cover price. In the late 12th century, a school of polyphony was established at Notre-Dame.

Troubadoursfrom the south of France, were also popular. The French royal family and courtiers "disported themselves in masques, ballets, allegorical dances, recitals, and opera and comedy", and a national musical printing house was established. Carmen has since become one of the most popular and frequently-performed operas in the classical canon. Bal-musette is a style of French music and dance that first became popular in Paris in the s and s; by Paris had some dance halls in the working-class neighbourhoods of the city.

Parisian and Italian musicians who played the accordion adopted the style and established themselves in Auvergnat bars especially in the 19th arrondissement, [] and the romantic sounds of the accordion has since become one of the t3b trading system pdf icons of the city.

Paris is the melsec fx programming software home of gypsy jazz how much money does an nfl referee make particular, and many of the Parisian jazzmen who developed in the first half of the 20th century began by playing Bal-musette in the city.

Immediately after the War The Saint-Germain-des-Pres quarter and the nearby Saint-Michel quarter became home to many small jazz clubs, mostly found in cellars because of a lack of space; these included the Caveau des Lorientais, the Club Saint-Germain, the Rose Rouge, the Vieux-Colombier, and the most famous, Le Tabou.

They introduced Parisians to the music of Claude LuterBoris VianSydney BechetMezz Mezzrowand Henri Salvador. Most of the clubs closed by the early s, as musical tastes shifted toward rock and roll.

On December 19,Paris and other worldwide fans commemorated the th anniversary of the birth of Edith Piaf —a French cabaret singer, songwriter and actress who became widely regarded as France's national chanteuseas well as being one of France's greatest international stars. Paris has a big hip hop scene. This music became popular during the s.

Later, most whole foods market stock options the largest cinemas were divided into multiple, smaller rooms.

Paris's largest cinema room today is in the Grand Rex theatre with 2, seats. Parisians tend to share the same movie-going trends as many of the world's global cities, with cinemas primarily dominated by Hollywood-generated film entertainment.

European and Asian films are also widely shown and appreciated. Since the late 18th century, Paris has been famous for its restaurants and haute cuisinefood meticulously prepared and artfully presented. A luxury restaurant, La Taverne Anglaise, opened in in the arcades of the Palais-Royal by Antoine Beauvilliers ; it featured an elegant dining room, an extensive menu, linen tablecloths, a large wine list and well-trained waiters; it became a model for future Paris restaurants.

Today, thanks to Paris's cosmopolitan population, every French regional cuisine and almost every national cuisine in the world can be found there; the city has more than 9, restaurants. Inof the 29 Michelin three-star restaurants in France, nine are located in Paris.

These include both restaurants which serve classical French cuisine, such as L'Ambroisie in the Place des Vosges, and those which serve non-traditional menus, such as L'Astrancewhich combines French and Asian cuisines. In addition to the classical restaurants, Paris has several other kinds of traditional eating places. Its name is said to have come in from the Russian soldiers joptionpane showmessagedialog icon occupied the city; "bistro" means "quickly" in Russianand they wanted their meals served rapidly so they could get back their encampment.

Real bistros are options futures and other derivatives hull table of contents rare in Paris, due to rising costs, competition from cheaper ethnic restaurants, and different eating habits of Parisian diners. Beginning with the Paris Exposition of ; it became a popular kind of restaurant which featured beer and other beverages served by young women in the national costume associated with the beverage, particular German costumes for beer.

Paris has been an international capital of high fashion since the 19th century, particularly in the domain of haute coutureclothing how can i make money fast on virtual families 2 to order for private clients.

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Paris Fashion Weekheld in January and July in the Carrousel du Louvre and other city locations, is among the top four events of the international fashion calendar, along with the fashion weeks in Milan, London and New York. Carnaval de Parisone of the oldest festivals in Paris, dates back to the Middle Ages. Inaround 40 percent of Parisians held a licence -level diploma or higher, the highest proportion in France, [] while 13 percent have no diploma, the third lowest percentage in France.

The University of Parisfounded in the 12th century, is often called the Sorbonne after one of its original medieval colleges. It was broken up into thirteen autonomous universities infollowing the student demonstrations in Most of the campuses today are in the Latin Quarter where the old university was located, while others are scattered around the city and the suburbs.

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There are also many business schools, including HECINSEADESSECand ESCP Europe. The administrative school such as ENA has been relocated to Strasbourgthe political science school Sciences-Po is still located in Paris's 7th arrondissement and the most prestigious university of economics and hinstock primary school market drayton, Paris-Dauphineis located in Paris's 16th.

The Parisian school of journalism CELSA department of the Paris-Sorbonne University is located in Neuilly-sur-Seine. The National Institute of Sport and Physical Educationlocated in the 12th arrondissement, is both a physical 99 how to hedging with binary options institute and high-level training centre for elite athletes. There are several academic libraries and archives forex morning trade ea rar Paris.

The Sorbonne Library in the 5th arrondissement is the largest university library in Paris. Like the rest of France, Paris has ceramic stock market bullish or bearish predominantly Roman Catholic since the early Middle Ages, though religious attendance is now low.

A majority of Parisians are still nominally Roman Catholic. According to statistics, there are parishes and curates in the city, plus separate parishes profitable tools for binary options strategy named the sandwich Spanish, Polish and Portuguese Catholics.

There are an additional 10 Eastern Orthodox parishes, and bishops for the Armenian and Ukrainian Orthodox Churches. In addition there are eighty male religious orders and female religious orders in the city, as well as Catholic schools with 75, students.

The principal Roman Catholic church in Paris is the Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paristhe seat of the Archbishop of Paris. Almost all Protestant denominations are represented in Paris, with 74 evangelical churches from various denominations, [] forex exchange sector 18 noida 21 parishes of the United Protestant Church of France and two parishes of the Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter-Day Saints.

There are several important churches for the English-speaking community: The Grand Mosque of Paristhe oldest mosque in Paris, was dedicated in It was funded by the French government and built to honour the 38, soldiers from Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco who died fighting for France in the First World War.

In there were nineteen large mosques within the city limits of Paris, all except the Taleb option trading strategy Mosque located in the outer arrondissements of the city, as well as hundreds of small prayer rooms.

The number of mosques doubled between and During the Middle AgesParis was a centre of Jewish learning with famous Talmudic scholars, such as Yechiel of Paris who took part in the Disputation of Paris between Christian and Jewish intellectuals. The Parisian Jewish community was victim of persecutionalternating expulsions and returns, until France became the first country in Europe to emancipate its Jewish population during the French Revolution.

There are currently 83 synagogues in the city; [] The Marais -quarter Agoudas Hakehilos Synagoguebuilt in by architect Hector Guimardis a Paris landmark.

The Pagode de Vincennes Buddhist how much money can earn from google adsense, near Lake Daumesnil in the Bois de Vincennesis the former Cameroon intrade stock market from the Paris Colonial Exposition.

It hosts several different schools of Buddhism, and does not have a single leader. It shelters the biggest Buddha statue in Europe, more than nine metres 30 feet high. There are two other small temples located in the Asian community in the 13th arrondissement. A Hindu temple, dedicated to Ganeshon Rue Pajol in the 18th arrondissement, opened in Paris's most popular sport clubs are the association football club Paris Saint-Germain F.

The 80,seat Stade de Francebuilt for the FIFA World Cupis located just north of Paris in the commune of Saint-Denis.

Paris played host to the and Olympic Games and was a candidate city for the Olympics inand The city also played host to the finals of the FIFA World Cup at the Stade Olympique de Colombesas well as the FIFA World Cup and the Rugby World Cup Final both at the Stade de France. Also hosted at the Stade de France, two UEFA Champions League Finals in the current century: Tennis is another popular sport in Paris and throughout France; the French Openheld every year on the red clay of the Roland Garros National Tennis Centre, [] is one of the four Grand Slam events of the world professional tennis tour.

The basketball team Paris-Levallois Basket play at the 4, capacity Stade Pierre de Coubertin. The 17,seat Bercy Arena formerly known as the Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy is the venue for the annual Paris Masters ATP Tour tennis tournament and has been a frequent site of national and international tournaments in basketball, boxing, cycling, handball, ice hockey, show jumping and other sports.

Paris will be hosting the IIHF World Championship at Bercy Arena together with CologneGermany. Paris is a major rail, highway, and air transport hub. A central hub of the national rail network, Paris's six major railway stations Gare du NordGare de l'EstGare de LyonGare d'AusterlitzGare MontparnasseGare Saint-Lazare and a minor one Gare de Bercy are connected to three networks: In addition, the Paris region is served by a light rail network of nine lines, the tramway: Paris is a major international air transport hub with the 5th busiest airport system in the world.

The city is served by three commercial international airports: Together these three airports recorded traffic of Orly Airport, located in the southern suburbs of Paris, replaced Le Bourget as the principal airport of Paris from the s to the s.

In the main domestic and international destinations served by the three commercial airports of Paris were the following:. Domestically, air travel between Paris and some of France's largest cities such as LyonMarseilleor Strasbourg has been in a large measure replaced by high-speed rail due to the opening of several high-speed TGV rail lines from the s. Internationally, air traffic has increased markedly in recent years between Paris and the Gulf airportsthe emerging nations of Africa, Russia, Turkey, Portugal, Italy, and mainland Chinawhereas noticeable decline has been recorded between Paris and the British IslesEgypt, Tunisia, and Japan.

The city is also the most important hub of France's motorway network, and is surrounded by three orbital freeways: The Paris region is the most active water transport area in France, with most of the cargo handled by Ports of Paris in facilities located around Paris.

The Loire, Rhine, Rhone, Meuse, and Scheldt rivers can be reached by canals connecting with the Seine, which include the Canal Saint-MartinCanal Saint-Denis, and the Canal de l'Ourcq. These include piste cyclable bike lanes separated from other traffic by physical barriers such as a kerb and bande cyclable a bicycle lane denoted by a painted path on the road. Paris is provided in electricity through a 'periphery' grid fed by multiple sources.

Fromthe Canal de l'Ourcq provided Paris with water from less-polluted rivers to the north-east of the capital. This system is still a major part of Paris's modern water-supply network. InMayor Chirac introduced the motorcycle-mounted Motocrotte to remove dog faeces from Paris streets. Paris today has more than municipal parks and gardens, covering more than 3, hectares and containing more thantrees. Between andthe Emperor Napoleon III and the city's first director of parks and gardens, Jean-Charles Alphandcreated the Bois de Boulognethe Bois de VincennesParc Montsouris and the Parc des Buttes-Chaumontlocated at the four points of the compass around the city, as well as many smaller parks, squares and gardens in the Paris's quarters.

In Paris's Roman era, its main cemetery was located to the outskirts of the Left Bank settlement, but this changed with the rise of Catholicism, where most every inner-city church had adjoining burial grounds for use by their parishes. With Paris's growth many of these, particularly the city's largest cemetery, les Innocentswere filled to overflowing, creating quite unsanitary conditions for the capital.

When inner-city burials were condemned fromthe contents of all Paris's parish cemeteries were transferred to a renovated section of Paris's stone mines outside the "Porte d'Enfer" city gate, today place Denfert-Rochereau in the 14th arrondissement. After a tentative creation of several smaller suburban cemeteries, the Prefect Nicholas Frochot under Napoleon Bonaparte provided a more definitive solution in the creation of three massive Parisian cemeteries outside the city limits. New suburban cemeteries were created in the early 20th century: It provides health care, teaching, research, prevention, education and emergency medical service in 52 branches of medicine.

The hospitals receive more than 5. AFP, as it is colloquially abbreviated, maintains its headquarters in Paris, as it has since The most-viewed network in France, TF1is in nearby Boulogne-Billancourt. Radio France Internationaleanother public broadcaster is also based in the city. Paris is since April 9, exclusively and reciprocally twinned only with: Paris has agreements of friendship and co-operation with: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

This is the latest accepted revisionreviewed on 21 June This article is about the capital of France.

For other uses, see Paris disambiguation. See Wiktionary for the name of Paris in various languages other than English and French. History of Paris and Timeline of Paris. Paris in the Middle AgesParis in the 16th centuryand Paris in the 17th century.

Paris in the 18th centuryParis during the Second Empireand Haussmann's renovation of Paris. Arrondissements of Paris and List of mayors of Paris. Architecture of ParisHaussmann's renovation of Parisand List of tallest buildings and structures in the Paris region.

Landmarks in ParisQuarters of Parisand List of tourist attractions in Paris. List of museums in Paris. Music in Paris and History of music in Paris. List of films set in Paris. List of religious buildings in Paris. List of churches in Paris. List of railway stations in Paris.

List of parks and gardens in Paris and History of Parks and Gardens of Paris. Paris portal France portal European Union portal. Retrieved 4 April Retrieved September 1, RATP Paris metro operator. Retrieved 25 September Retrieved 23 November The Story of Civilization XI The Age of Napoleon.

Retrieved 11 February Shack, Harlem in Montmartre, A Paris Jazz Story between the Great WarsUniversity of California Press, Retrieved 12 July Retrieved 26 October Retrieved 2 December Retrieved 12 June Retrieved 24 April Site of Grand Paris Express.

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Retrieved 25 January Pars Convention and Visitors Bureau. Retrieved 26 January UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Two Shows for Frank Gehry, as His Vuitton Foundation Opens".

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The Architecture of Paris. Beevor, Antony; Cooper, Artemis 4 October Paris After the Liberation: The Spirit of Cities: Why the Identity of a City Matters in a Global Age.

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Histoire de Paris in French. Presses universitaires de France. Abelard And the Origin And Early History of Universities. Iron Age communities in Britain: Daniel Jay Grimminger Ph.

Damschroeder, David; Williams, David Russell Music Theory from Zarlino to Schenker: A Bibliography and Guide. De Moncan, Patrice Les jardins du Baron Haussmann.

Les Editions du Mecene. Dosch, Dee Davidson A Summer in ' Grammaire, Textes et Glossaire in French. Dregni, Michael 1 November The Life and Music of a Gypsy Legend: The Life and Music of a Gypsy Legend.

Dregni, Michael 20 March In Search of Django Reinhardt and the Soul of Gypsy Swing: In Search of Django Reinhardt and the Soul of Gypsy Swing.

Du Camp, Maxim Dutton, Paul Edward The Politics of Dreaming in the Carolingian Empire. U of Nebraska Press. Paris as Seen and Described by Famous Writers Fallon, Steve; Williams, Nicola Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris.

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The Dead and the Living in Paris and London, — Going to Live in Paris: How to Live and Work in France's Great Capital. How To Books Ltd. Hargreaves, Alec Gordon; Kelsay, John; Twiss, Sumner B. Politics and Religion in France and the United States. Russian Refugees in France and the United States Between the World Wars. Hazan, Eric 23 May The Invention of Paris: A History in Footsteps. A Chronological Account of the History of France.

Capital of the World. Seven Ages of Paris. Through the French Canals 12th ed. Biography of a City. Grammaire des jardins parisiens: Kaberry, Rachel; Brown, Amy K. Korgen, Kathleen Odell; White, Jonathan Michael Connecting the Classroom to the Community. Knapp, Andrew; Wright, Vincent The Government and Politics of France. Krinsky, Carol Herselle Lawrence, Rachel; Gondrand, Fabienne Paris City Guide 12th ed. Leclanche, Maria Spyropoulou Lester, Paul Martin Madge, Charles; Willmott, Peter Inner City Poverty in Paris and London.

Margerison, Charles 19 April Amazing People of Paris: The Police, State and Society: Perspectives from India and France. Metzelthin, Pearl Violette Newfield Michelin 1 April Paris Green Guide Michelin — Montclos, Jean-Marie Perouse De 28 October Paris, City of Art. Modood, Tariq; Triandafyllidou, Anna; Zapata-Barrero, Ricard Multiculturalism, Muslims and Citizenship: Frommer's Memorable Walks in Paris.

Nevez, Catherine Le 1 October Newman, Peter; Thornley, Andy 12 April Urban Planning in Europe: International Competition, National Systems and Planning Projects. French Cinema and the Post-Colonial Heritage. Why the Allies Won. Rights of Man, Common Sense, and Other Political Writings. Planning Paris Before Haussmann. Perry, Gillian January Women Artists and the Parisian Avant-garde: Modernism and 'feminine Art' Art, to the Late s. Perry, Marvin; Chase, Myrna; Jacob, James R.

Ideas, Politics, and Society: From the s 10th ed. Phillips, Betty Lou Kick the Fossil Fuel Habit: An Adventure History of Paris. Robertson, Jamie Cox Hemingway, Colette, Sedaris, and Others on the Uncommon Lure of the City of Light.

Encyclopedia of Contemporary Spanish Culture. La Commune de Rousseau, George Sebastian Ruth Blackmore; James McConnachie University of Minnesota Press.

Schumacher, Claude 26 September Naturalism and Symbolism in European Theatre — ISBNShales, Melissa Innovation Networks and Learning Regions? Steele, Valerie 1 December The Statue of Liberty. Tallett, Frank; Atkin, Nicholas Religion, Society and Politics in France Since An Economic and Geographical Perspective.

Jacques de Vitry ; Jacobus de Vitriaco; John Frederick Hinnebusch The Historia Occidentalis of Jacques de Vitry. Circles in the Sky: The Life and Times of George Ferris. Mirrors of Mortality Routledge Revivals: Social Studies in the History of Death. Woolley, Reginald Maxwell Rethinking the French City: Architecture, Dwelling, and Display After Zarka, Yves Charles; Taussig, Sylvie; Fleury, Cynthia Find more about Paris at Wikipedia's sister projects.

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